Spaying and castration have real pros and cons — timing and the individual dog matter.
Spaying removes a female's ovaries (and usually the uterus); castration removes a male's testicles. Both are routine operations under general anesthetic, ending fertility and seasons or reducing hormone-driven behaviors.
Neutering prevents unwanted litters, eliminates pyometra and testicular tumors, and can reduce roaming. But early neutering may affect joint development in some large breeds, and can raise the risk of weight gain and certain conditions — evidence varies by breed and sex.
There is no single right age; discuss timing with your vet based on breed, size, temperament and your situation. Diet should be adjusted afterward, as neutered dogs need fewer calories and gain weight easily.
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